Topic oral international issues in the internal competition of the ENA in 2004:
foreign policy of China
I) A power that affirms and confirms
A) Presence old in international relations
1) The emergence of China in international relations
a) A foreign policy in harmony with the USSR
After the victory over Japan during World War II (= 2GM) The Communists broke the truce with the nationalists. Actress on stage Pacific during the 2GM, China is emerging in international relations. Following the communist victory over the Nationalists in 1949, China became a partner of the USSR. Mao Zedong and Stalin signed a treaty of friendship of 30 years in 1950. With its demographic potential and its geostrategic position, China plays a leading role at the beginning of the Cold War, during the Korean War (1950-53).
b) The policy triangle of the United States: a threat to the USSR
But under Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet Union sees its relations with China deteriorate. Firstly, both countries reject cooperation military. On the other hand, the ideological divisions appear. The tension reached its peak in 1969: Border clashes are declared. However in the meantime, China is building the weapon of deterrence: nuclear weapons in 1964 and the hydrogen bomb in 1967. Therefore it represents a threat not only to the U.S. figure of imperialism, but also for the Soviet Union with which tensions are increasing before the demise of Mao Zedong. Under Nixon, the U.S. used the divisions between the warring brothers and implement a policy triangle. The People's Republic of China is recognized by the United States and Security Council seat UN in 1971 instead of Taiwan, where Chinese nationalists have settled after their defeat. This entry sign at the UN recognition of Red China as an essential actor in the concert of nations. Nixon went to Beijing in 1972, this visit marks the normalization of relations between the two countries.
2) From the end of the Maoist era than the era of Deng Xiaoping
a) Economically
During the XIth Congress of the CCP, Deng Xiaoping launched the socialist market economy. So the country opens to the outside world and the land décollectivisées.
b) on the diplomatic
With the advent of Mikhail Gorbachev in the USSR, undertake talks with China and end at the demilitarization of their common border in 1985.
B) A growing presence in international relations
1) A military deterrent
a) A military modernization
military expenditure rose ensure the modernization of the Chinese army. Projection naval forces and ballistic missiles of short and medium range are areas particularly in progress.
b) A power in the service of Diplomacy: Taiwan issue
During the crisis in the Taiwan Strait in 1995-1996, China launched missiles to Taiwan could be fitted with nuclear warheads in order to influence Taiwanese elections. She has also conducted large-scale amphibious operations within 25 kilometers from Taiwan.
2) An emerging economic power
a) A huge economic potential
China's economic growth is extremely rapid (between 8 and 10%). Its foreign trade accounts for 7% of world trade. Technological development in electronic industries computer and is supported by the influx of foreign investment.
b) The long march toward a market economy
By acceding to the WTO on 11 December 2001, China intends to find the place due to its position in the comity of nations and symbolically restore respectability to national abroad.
II) A cautious foreign policy
A) A treaty commitment reassuring
1) Preventive diplomacy
a) A limitation of nuclear and chemical
Several initiatives mark China's desire to limit nuclear risks and chemicals. In 1996, China signed a nuclear nonproliferation treaty stopping nuclear testing. The following year, it ratified the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
b) A regional mediation
China brings together key stakeholders during the Korean crisis of 2002-2003. The nuclear crisis leads him to take his distance from North Korea. Thus, China momentarily its oil deliveries to North Korea.
2) A prudent participation in the UN
a) China not aligned during the Cold War
Its membership occurs at the UN in 1971. It must then be used to legitimize China and protection against any interference in its domestic policy. Hostile
United States then scrambled with the USSR, China assumes any role in the third lane of the Cold War. China appears as the leading non-aligned countries. During the first decade of its accession, China chooses many abstentions in the Security Council resolutions. This refusal to engage in conflict resolution continues until mid-1980 period, after which the tensions between the USSR and other permanent members of Security Council subside.
b) China opposes interference
At the beginning of the Cold War, China is increasing its involvement in the UN and opposed to American imperialism. But the evolution of the UN to interfere in internal matters, does not please Beijing. Attached to the concepts of sovereignty and non-interference, China has again distanced himself with the UN.
B) An easing of tensions
1) With the world powers
a) The United States
A series of Tensions arose between the United States to China: Taiwan Strait Crisis in 1995-96, mistaken bombardment of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade in 1999, Hanan incident with an American plane.
b) Japan
Japan worried about a possible Chinese threat.
2) With regional powers
a) India
rival China, India is experiencing tensions with Pakistan in 2002. Despite this fact, China is close to India. On the diplomatic front the premiers of both countries visit each other. On the commercial, trade between China and India growing. On the military front, the two countries conduct first joint military exercises in 2003.
b) Taiwan
After considerable tension between Taiwan and China, relations seem to subside.
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